The need for new trade routes to the east, the desire to spread christianity prompted the start of european exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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The need for new trade routes to the East, the desire to spread Christianity and   competition between European countries    prompted the start of European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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i think a judge or jury, as they preside over the court and is the central figure in a trial.

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a.) are both appointed for life