Describe the religious controversy that sparked conflict between irish catholic immigrants and native-born protestants in philadelphia during the 1840s.

During a period of economic depression, the tension involving protestants and catholics around the world made its way into the United States. Irish and German Catholics who were struggling in their home countries decided to move to the United States seeking for a better life. As a result, American protestants in low-paying jobs were being replaced by those immigrants that were willing to work for very little money so they could survive. The Philadelphia Nativist Riots that happened in 1844 were a result of the increase of the anti-Catholic sentiment and the rising of immigrant population in America. About 5 months before the conflict, nativists were spreading a false rumor that these Catholic immigrants were planning on removing bibles from American public schools. The whole thing led to violence and deadly riot that resulted in the burning of Catholic churches and other buildings.        

a) "how old man winter was driven back " and "ormuzd and arimanes"

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the united states constitution defines the structure of the national government and dictates the scope and limitation of its powers. the constitution is known as “the supreme law of the land” and all other laws are measured against it. the application of the articles and amendments of the constitution comprise constitutional law.

in addition to the united states constitution, each state has its own constitution and therefore, its own body of constitutional law as well. state constitutions resemble the federal constitution in that they outline the state government’s structure of legislative, executive and judicial branches as well as contain a bill of rights.

but there are various ways state constitutions differ from the federal constitution. often, state constitutions are much longer and more detailed than the federal constitution. state constitutions focus more on limiting rather than granting power since its general authority has already been established. as a result, the constitution of alabama is six hundred pages long whereas the federal constitution can be easily read in one sitting front to back.

the details in state constitutions are not particularly “constitutional” in nature. they often address topics unique to the state. the federal constitution can only be amended through a lengthy process designed to limit changes to this fundamental document. as a result, it has only been amended seventeen times since the adoption of the bill of rights in 1791.

state constitutions are more open to amendments. amendments can be proposed by legislature, a constitutional commission or citizens’ petition and can be accepted by referendum.   for example. the constitution of massachusetts has been amended one hundred and twenty times. the constitution of georgia has even been replaced altogether as many as ten times.