How was the tariff of 1828 resolved

Calhoun resigned his position as Vice President to return to the Senate in 1832. On this date, the Tariff of 1828—better known as the Tariff of Abominations—passed the House of Representatives, 105 to 94. ... While other southern states disagreed with the tariff, South Carolina was the only state to invoke nullification.

by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy

d is the best answer for this question.