Which of the following is not necessary to categorize an area as a civilization? writing system surplus of food division of labor having cities built

Answer : the correct answer is " Surplus of food ".

Explanation

A civilization by def is any complex society characterized by urban development," when we say urban development we mean having cities built ", social structure imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication like writing system and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.

Civilizations are intimately associated with and  defined by other social and politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, cultural ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming and expansionism.

1.) irish.

2.) settlers could obtain cheap land nearby

3.) steam engine

explanation: