From whom, how, and why were the following lands acquired: louisiana purchase, oregon, texas, and the mexican cession

Louisiana was purchased from France and was bought to access the Mississippi River. The Mexican Cession occurred in 1848 and was acquired because of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the American victory of the Mexican-American War. Oregon was acquired in 1846 and was acquired from Britain. Texas annexed itself from Mexico in 1845 and became it's own country for several of years, before joining the U.S.

cultural/diplomatic relations. most medieval japanese   culture has chinese origins. writing, architecture etc.

both are true, the congress does have the power to create banks, even if this power is not specifically described in the constitution, since there is nothing restricting it and there is power given to the congress to make "all laws which shall be necessary and proper". maryland was not allowed to tax a branch of the national bank operating there, and the supreme court decided that no state could. both of these topics were discussed in a decision of the mcculloch v. maryland case in 1819.