Which statement describes one change that occurred in europe during and after the crusades? a. commerce, once based on money, began to rely more heavily on barter for the exchange of goods. b. the feudal system further eroded and new middle class made up of tradesmen and merchants emerged. c. europe closed its borders to people of other cultures and be a isolated feudal society. d. musilims, christians, and jews enjoyed a new spirit of cooperation in their dealings with each other.

B. The feudal system further eroded and new middle class made up of tradesmen and merchants emerged.

B. The feudal system further eroded and new middle class made up of tradesmen and merchants emerged.

Explanation:

The Crusades weakened the feudal lords and the feudal system; many of them lost their lives or stayed in the East; others became impoverished by the sale of their land. Also, the prolonged absence prevented them from monitoring their rights. The kings seized the vacant fiefdoms and stubbornly reduced the privileges of the lords. On the other hand, the servants and vassals attained their freedom in exchange for money. The cities and the bourgeoisie benefited from the profits provided by the provisioning, transport of armies, and increased commerce with the East. The enriched bourgeoisie composed by merchants, tradesmen, and artisans made up a new middle class. The French, main participants of the crusades, enjoyed an influence in the eastern countries that it reached until the contemporary era.

Economically, new crops and manufacturing procedures taken from Muslim peoples were introduced in the West. Trade, especially maritime, gained greater momentum. The ports of Genoa, Venice, Amalfi, Marseille, and Barcelona were the most favored.

Culturally, Arab and Byzantine art and science improved Western culture; customs underwent sensitive changes and the gender of life became less rude.

first one the food administration