What powers did the pope hold over medieval monarchs

The main power held by the Pope over Monarchs during medieval times is the one known as "Deposing Power", meaning the power to declare a Monarch heretica, and thus, unfit to exercise power.

the birthmark on georgiana's face alludes to the doctrine of "original sin," being tainted with evil from birth

genetics is the study of how dna works, the methodologies defining the new recent technologies allow scientist to have a panoramic view of the entire dna landscape, especially how genomes interact with their environment, including off course, factors outside their organisms.

thus is very possible the existence of both scenarios, where populations of isolated individuals have different genetic traits, and share traits related to genetic mutation, due rats can easily travel overseas using human transport channels. so scientists could get a vast number of data, including human interaction, evolution of rodents, health development, spread of infections, development of new organisms, how genomes evolve in different environments and so on.