How did india manage to exert such a significant influence on other cultures in the indian ocean basin during this era without ever establishing any long-term centralized political institutions?

India has changed its approach of doing diplomatic talks with other countries. The continuous revision of their diplomatic approach allows for them to expand their influence to other South Asian countries. India does this by increasing its number of infrastructure development to its neighbors.  

when a country suffers, for example, a drought period, the market product is affected for a low offer, in this case, potatoes; the government has to tax to the households, which have to give more money for the potatoes which they consume, that situation make them consume substitute goods even through loans, it could increase the financial market movement and the inflationary phenomena, the business has to increase salaries in order to the employees could buy a more expensive food (potatoes) and in order to inflation tha business had to buy expensive supplies in the factor market, while the rest of the world have to gain more money to consume the same amount of potatoes.

result of the incas claiming exclusive right over numerous traditional routes, some of which had been constructed centuries earlier mostly by the wari empire