2. how was the "old immigration" (1820-1860) different from the "new immigration" (1880-1920)?

The 'Old Immigration' took place between 1820-1860. This period consist of most migrants coming from the Anglo-Saxon countries, namely, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany. In general, this population came from the developed parts of Western Europe.

They were similar to the original English settlers. Many of them spoke the language, had a similar culture and traditions, were educated and some were even wealthy investors.

In contrast, the 'New Immigration' between 1880-1920 mostly Southern and Eastern Europe. This included countries such as Russia, Poland, Greece, Italy etc.

These people were not very well educated and came from a different culture to that of the Western Europeans. Most of them were poor and were looking for mere survival jobs to make a living.

Eventually, tensions between the old and new migrants rose in densely populated cities and led to the development of the modern United States immigration laws.

pan-africanism or pan-africanism is a political, philosophical, cultural and social movement that promotes african twinning, the defense of the rights of african people and the unity of africa under a single sovereign state, for all africans, both africa as of the african diasporas.

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