Jim crow laws were forced upon upon minorities at the end of reconstruction by what means

Jim crow laws were forced upon upon minorities at the end of reconstruction by both "legal and violent means," since laws were indeed passed limiting the rights of blacks but the intimidation and threat of violence was also prominent. 

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful