The american federation of labor excluded workers in order to attract only highly paid and high-demand workers.

The American Federation of Labour was a national federation of labor unions in the United States, founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886. Although the AFL had a policy of egalitarianism and admitted unskilled and semiskilled workers, as well as woman, African Americans and immigrants; by the end of the nineteenth century, the AFL introduced a new policy of accepting only highly skilled members, in order to attract highly paid and high-demand workers to organized industries, and became an organization of mostly white men.

i believe the answer would be 1.

keeping a cash reserve because cash flow is the the movement of money through a company and if it just sits there, it wont the movement