Early societies- such as the mesopotamians and indo-europeans- were able to form complex economies mainly due to a) imported labor from asia. b) specialization of production. c) the development of stone tools. d) the development of steel tools.

The correct answer is - D) the development of steel tools.

This early societies managed to have complex economies because they invented and started using the steel tools. This types of tools enabled them to create more, to significantly widen the spectrum of what they can produce and the quality of it. That gave them an advantage in trade too, so their economies were prospering and over time became complex and strong economies.

answer; (a) he was a u.s senator for 38 years;

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.