In which empire were the leaders called caliphs and encouraged knowledge and learning

Which statement below best explains the meaning of the 3rd resolution? a. residents of the colonies do not occupy a lesser status than citizens who live in england, the motherland. b. the meaning of freedom is that individuals never have to pay taxes. c. free people are capable of and should take responsibility for their own tax obligations and the purposes they serve. d. the stamp act congress, with this document, is giving permission--consent--to have taxes imposed upon them by parliament. e. americans have different ideas about rights and freedom than englishmen.