Part a - operon vocabulary can you match terms related to operons to their definitions? drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences

1.      OPERON: An OPERON is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter and genes for a related set of proteins usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.

2.      2. GENES OF AN OPERON: The GENES OF AN OPERON are arranged sequentially after the promoter.

3.      PROMOTER: A PROMOTER is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.

4.      REGULATORY GENE: A REGULATORY GENE codes for a protein, such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.

5.      OPERATOR:  Regulatory protein binds to the OPERATOR to control the expression of the operon.

6.      REPRESSOR: A REPRESSOR is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.

7.      INDUCER: AN INDUCER is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.

An operon refers to a unit of DNA which is made up of connected genes that regulate a particular protein synthesis. Operons are found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Operon allows the protein synthesis in these organisms to be controlled coordinately in response to the needs of the cell. Proteins are produced only when they are needed, thus the operon helps the cell to conserve energy. An example of a well studied operon is the Lac operon of E. coli.

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vitamin c-0

    however, coronary heart disease , or chd, is actually a result of coronary artery disease, or cad, said edward a. fisher, m.d., ph.d., m.p.h., an american heart association volunteer who is the leon h. charney professor of cardiovascular medicine and also of the marc and ruti bell vascular biology and disease program at the nyu school of medicine.

  with coronary artery disease, plaque first grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s muscle is limited. view an illustration of coronary arteries. this is also called ischemia. it may be chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply to part of the muscle. or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque and formation of a thrombus or blood clot.

    the traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high ldl cholesterol, low hdl cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men, according to fisher. obesity may also be a risk factor.

    “coronary artery disease begins in childhood, so that by the teenage years, there is evidence that plaques that will stay with us for life are formed in most people,” said fisher, who is former editor of the american heart association journal, atvb. “preventive measures instituted early are thought to have greater lifetime benefits. healthy lifestyles will delay the progression of cad, and there is hope that cad can be regressed before it causes chd.”

  living a healthy lifestyle that incorporates good nutrition, weight management and getting plenty of physical activity can play a big role in avoiding cad.

    “coronary artery disease is preventable,” agreed johnny lee, m.d., president of new york heart associates, and an american heart association volunteer. “typical warning signs are chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations and even fatigue.” if you feel any of these symptoms, don’t delay — call 9-1-1.