Breathing is affected by stress because
a. during stressful situations, our bodies tense up and breathing becomes shallow with less oxygen coming in and less carbon dioxide being pumped out.
b. our bodies need less oxygen during stressful situations.
c. stress causes the lungs to stop working properly.
d. during stressful situations, our bodies become relaxed and breathing becomes deeper.

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?