Suppose that a cohort study of body mass index and coronary heart disease (CHD) was undertaken. Participants were classified as having either a high or normal body mass index. Because age is associated with both body mass index and risk of CHD, age was considered a potential confounder and the age of each participant was recorded. The following data were gathered from the study participants: Normal Body Mass Index High Body Mass Index
DISEASE STATUS AGE
Young Old DISEASE STATUS AGE
Young Old
Developed CHD 18 65 Developed CHD 20 200
Did Not Develop CHD 6982 2935 Did Not Develop CHD 3980 5800
Total 7000 3000 Total 4000 6000

A. Set up the two by two to evaluate the crude association between body mass index and CHD and calculate the crude risk ratio.
B. Set up the two by two tables to evaluate the relationship between body mass index and CHD stratified by age. Calculate the risk ratios separately for the young and old participants.
C. Is age a confounder in this study?
D. Is age an effect modifier in this study?
E. If age is an effect modifier, describe how age affects the ratio measure of comparison between body mass index and CHD risk

Label each individual response with its appropriate stage of grieving: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, or acceptance. 1. elizabeth’s father quietly meditates in his office. he knows his mother-in-law needs the extended care offered by the alzheimer’s care facility. in his mind he suggests giving up his three-cup-a-day coffee habit if the transition can just go smoothly. stage: 2. elizabeth’s mother is in the bathroom, getting ready to go to sunday dinner at her mother’s home. the problem is that her mother moved into the alzheimer’s care facility last thursday. stage:3. elizabeth’s brother has shut himself in his room. he and his grandmother talked every day until she moved into the care facility. when he’s reached her on the phone, she is disoriented. he hasn’t joined the family for dinner since she moved. stage: 4. elizabeth has gone to the gym. she’s going to take a kick-boxing class and then a cycling class. she is frustrated by what is going on. she doesn’t understand what is happening to her grandmother, her mother, or her brother. stage: 5. elizabeth’s grandmother has spent a year dealing with her feelings about what she is going through. she’s been angry. she’s been sad. she’s tried bargaining. now that she has moved into the alzheimer’s care facility, she’s ready to enjoy each day she has left. stage: