During adolescence, formal operational thought—including scientific reasoning, logical construction of arguments, and critical thinking—becomes possible. But not all intellectual tasks encountered by the adolescent or young adult require thinking at this level. List two test questions that do not seem to require thinking at the formal operational level. (Identify by title and level the course from which they are taken)

Which of the following best reflects what we know about how the flu virus moves between species? a) the flu virus in a pig is mutated and replicated in alternate arrangements so that humans who eat the pig products can be infected.b) a flu virus from a human epidemic or pandemic infects birds; the birds replicate the virus differently and then pass it back to humans.c) an influenza virus gains new sequences of dna from another virus, such as a herpesvirus; this enables it to be transmitted to a human host.d) an animal such as a pig is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs, the new virus mutates, the virus is passed to a new species such as a bird, and the virus mutates again and can now be transmitted to humans.