Membrane receptors are transmembrane molecules or molecular complexes that:a. Monitor and respond to changes in the cell’s environment. b. Bind to hormones or neurotransmitters c. Are involved in embryonic and fetal development Initiate an intracellular response when they bind an appropriate molecule d. All of the above are correct

All of the given options are correct. (Option D)

Explanation:

Cell surface receptor can be defined as the receptors that can be found on the plasma membrane of cells.

They receives the ligand or signaling molecules on the surface and response to the outer environment in order to response to the outer stimuli.

These signaling molecules( extracellular molecules) also helps in transmitting the information for one place to another. These extracellular molecules can be hormones, proteins, neurotransmitter, cytokines, growth factors et cetera.

The membrane receptors are also involved in the embryonic and fetal development by binding to the appropriate molecules and generating the intracellular response which helps in the growth and development of the fetus.

The ligand binding also helps in signal cascading which cause the chemical change by the help of cell membrane.

the plates spread at mid-ocean ridges (they are divergent plate boundaries) which allows magma to rise through the weakness between the plates. the magma then emerges as lava from the boundary and cools, creating a new crust.