Sympathetic activation inhibits duodenal gland activity. thus, the duodenal lining is unprepared for the arrival of chyme. from the choices below, what could cause this sympathetic response and what could be the consequences to the digestive system? a. sympathetic activation is a main cause of pancreatitis, during which digestive enzymes leak out and agitate the pancreas. b. the emotions associated with food are initiated from the cephalic phase, innervating the vagus nerve and resulting in increased production of mucus from the duodenal glands. c. sympathetic activation caused by the sight of food initiates the early release of enzymes into the digestive tract. the result is faster, more efficient digestion of the approaching chyme. d. chronic stress could cause sympathetic activation, resulting in peptic ulcers.

d. chronic stress could cause sympathetic activation, resulting in peptic ulcers.

Explanation: Parasympathetic activities in the Gastrointestinal tract include gastrointestinal secretions which aid the digestion of food while sympathetic activities inhibits these secretions.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated during the flight or fight response that we display in such situations as when we are stressed. When this happens, the sympathetic system prevents duodenal gland activity which makes the duodenal lining unprepared for the arrival of chyme, a mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions. This could result in sores in the intestinal tract or peptic ulcers.

D

Explanation:

Peptic Ulcer is due to damage to the mucosa lining of the stomach, and the small intestine. if the mucosa lining of the first part of the  intestine is damaged the type of ulcer is called Duodenal Ulcer.It is usually characterised with upper abdominal pain, vomiting , weight loss, belching etc.It common causes  are  due to  the effects  Bacterial Helicobacter pylori  and  non-steroid noninflammatory drugs  on the mucosa lining  of the  first part of the intestine.

Evidence had shown that chronic stress induced sympathetic activation, by causing  disruption in the pathways of   Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal-Axis(HPA), which may  trigger peptic ulcer due to  reduction in blood flow to the damaged(from eroding effects of  pepsin and gastric acid) mucosa lining, resulting in peptic ulcer.

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