In pavlov's classic experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. after several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. in this study, the sound of the bell acted as

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A72-year-old woman fell in her bathtub and fractured her hip. in viewing the fracture, x-ray revealed osteoporotic changes in her bone as well. after reduction of the fracture, and immobilizing the bones with internal pins, what type of exercise would the doctor have advised her to do as soon as she was able in addition to prescribing calcium supplements to improve her bone mass?

Samuel is a 63-year-old single man who works full time in a food processing plant. he has a history of esophageal cancer, which was treated successfully with anti-cancer drugs and surgery four years ago. his weight had been stable at 135 pounds until 6 months ago. since then, he has experienced an involuntary weight loss of 10 pounds. he complains of a poor appetite and being overly weak, tired, and irritable. he also complains of cracks at the corners of his mouth and a chronic sore throat, which concerns him, given his cancer history. his usual diet is fairly consistent. he states that he rarely eats breakfast because he starts work at 6 a.m. he eats two deli meat sandwiches, "usually pastrami or salami," and a soda at 10 a.m., and may eat a candy bar in the afternoon when he gets off work. he often prepares and eats a frozen dinner or pizza at home in the evening and routinely drinks "about four or five beers" before going to bed. occasionally, he cooks roast and mashed potatoes for dinner and may have cereal with milk for a snack before bed. he rarely eats vegetables or fruit. 1. considering samuel's alcohol consumption, which b vitamin may he be deficient in? a. pantothenic acid b. niacin c. riboflavin d. biotin e. thiamin