U-shaped mountain valleys that may contain rocks that have been polished or appear to havenear parallel scratches on the surface are most likely formed by:

This would be an open primary. a closed primary people can vote only prior to election day if the party if they are registered. independent voters can not participate. there is not a wide-open primary, but there is a semi-open primary.

Ibelieve it's the pacific islands 

Anstobacco uses;  

Economy is the answer