Edith's checkerspot butterfly is a non-migratory species found in distinct populations from Canada to Mexico. Today, populations in southern regions are declining while new populations push the northern limit further north. This range shift provides evidence for the theory of

. Mass extinction
. Global warming
. Gene dominance
. Natural selection

Global warming

Explanation:

Weather can be defined as the atmospheric conditions of a particular area over a short period of time.

The elements of weather include precipitation, wind, temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, cloud, and wind speed.

Climate refers to the change in the atmospheric conditions and manifestation of weather in a particular area over a long period of time usually 30 years.

Pollution can be defined as the physical degradation or contamination of the environment through an emission of harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substances.

Greenhouse gases can be defined as gases that trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere. Thus, an increase in global temperature is largely caused due to an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

Some examples of greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere are methane, water vapor, carbon dioxide etc.

Global warming can be defined as a gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's surface, atmosphere and ocean due to artificially induced actions or human activities through pollution such as burning of fossil fuels, CFCs, carbon dioxide, etc.

In this scenario, the range shift provides evidence for the theory of global warming.

the thirteen colonies are:

connecticut, delaware, georgia, maryland, massachusetts, new jersey, new york, new hampshire, north carolina, pennsylvania, rhode island, south carolina, virginia