How does the gradient of a river affect how it flows?

The water in the river flows parallel to the gradient, and its speed varies directly as the magnitude of the gradient. It wouldn't take much imagination to simply say that the river's mean flow vector is parallel and proportional to its gradient vector. That's what I would say, since I haven't much imagination.

The answer is winds.

Separated the laws of islam from the laws of the nationreplaced the old muslim calender with the gregorian calender  abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on european law as opposed to the previous system based on the islamic law code granted women the right to vote and to hold public office launched government-funded programs to industrialize turkey and to spur the economic growth attempted to modernize turkey by banning the fez which was of greek origin marriage was considered civil and not religious and polygamy was abolished women were given the right to vote in all elections