In the diagram of the earth's interior which part causes the diffraction of p waves made by earthquakes?

Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other a very notable example of this is around the u.s.-mexico border, where 

El nino is a weather phenomenon caused when warm water from the western pacific ocean flows eastward. part1baan average of 7.7 hurricanes and 3.6 major hurricanes compares to 5 hurricanes and 1.5 major hurricanes from 1995-2005