Can earth's shadow have only one umbra and not a penumbra

Which sequence of transformations on preimage ∆abc will not produce the image ∆a'b'c'? a. reflection across the line y = x b. rotation 180° clockwise about the origin followed by a reflection across the line y = -x c. reflection across the x-axis followed by a reflection across the y-axis d. reflection across the line y = -x followed by a rotation 180° counterclockwise about the origin e. reflection across the y-axis followed by a rotation 90° clockwise about the origin

What term describes the government positions that officials who passed the civil service exam became a part of?

Our time has passed john. a.abraham b.dutch c.washington d.theodore