How are societies preparing for major risks and do you think that these preparations are sufficient and well justified?

By correct territorial planning including natural hazards prevention and international accords regarding mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

Explanation:

Natural hazards cant be controlled, we cannot know for sure when an earthquake will occur and an eruption cannot be stopped, but there are still things societies can do to prepare and increase the resilience towards this kind of riks.

Trough territorial planning (if done correctly) societies can prepare well, for example, a city located at a high-risk zone of volcano eruption can set an alarm system to alert citizens to when it would be safe to leave the area. A seismic center can be installed to study the tectonic activity and establish high-risk zones.

Regarding climate change, there needs to be an integration of the different countries to the international accords toward climate change so that natural hazards can be mitigated no only locally but globally.

If done correctly estates can receive the impact of a natural hazard and still function correctly. Making high amounts of preparations and funding natural risk mitigation is justified if we look back at past catastrophes such as Katrina Hurricane or Haiti Earthquake and quantify the damage done.

the proximity of water was an advantage to western europe and its culture was able to flourish as a result. trade and travel by sea were easier and safer in historical times.

1. there are no mountains to protect it from the sea

2. and its has wet cool summers and wet, mild winters.