What affects climate by affecting air temperature near it

water

Explanation:

The water is one of the major climate modifiers. Its thermal characteristics are different that those of the air, which results in different temperature. The water bodies dominate the surface of Earth, so it is no wonder that they have very big influence on the climate.

A water tends to warm up relatively slowly, and it also tends to cool down relatively slowly. This results in much more moderate temperatures, as the oscillations are much smaller, thus the extremes are usually avoided.

The air above the water bodies is affected by the temperature of the water, and it gets its characteristics from it. This is why, in general, the coastal regions are having more moderate temperatures throughout the year, as well as having more precipitation, and have little to no extreme temperatures.

the first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the transcontinental railroad. the railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. the transcontinental railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

the second phase of the government’s plan was a liberal land distribution policy that made it possible for many people to homestead. with these two key elements—transportation and cheap land—the government rapidly achieved its goal of persuading people to move west, settle on farms, and push back the frontier.

answer; (d) melting of sea ice;