Which of the following does not contribute to the fact that tertiary consumers are rare in ecosystems compared to members of lower trophic levels? a) less food energy is available to the top trophic level than is available to preceding levels b) tertiary consumers need larger home ranges to satisfy their dietary needs c) tertiary consumers always have greater body mass than primary and secondary consumers in a given system d) entropy tends to increase in all natural systems

c) Tertiary consumers always have greater body mass than primary and secondary consumers in a given system

Explanation:

This statement has two flaws. One of them is that the tertiary consumers usually tend to have smaller body mass than the primary and secondary consumers, so it is a false statement. The other one is that it doesn't have any connection with the numbers of the tertiary consumers compared to the primary and secondary consumers. There are several reasons as to why the tertiary consumers tend to be much more rare than the primary and secondary consumers. The lesser amount of food energy available to them and the need of very large ranges to satisfy the food energy demand of their bodies being the two crucial ones. Through the trophic levels, the energy transferred fro one to another trophic level is around 10%, so the tertiary consumers get very little from the initial energy. Also, because they need much more food in order to satisfy their energy demands, they have to have large ranges, with abundance of prey animals, so that they can survive, which is another reason as to why they are much fewer in number than the primary and secondary consumers.

the first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the transcontinental railroad. the railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. the transcontinental railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

the second phase of the government’s plan was a liberal land distribution policy that made it possible for many people to homestead. with these two key elements—transportation and cheap land—the government rapidly achieved its goal of persuading people to move west, settle on farms, and push back the frontier.