Unlike catastrophism, states that mountains formed slowly over time.
william smith was working as a surveyor in the late eighteenth century. he noticed that certain fossils were found in certain layers of sedimentary or igneous rock, that the same order of strata could be found in areas that were far apart, and these strata contained similar
isotopic dating relies on a process called where heavier radioisotopes transform into lighter elements.
the permian period lasted from 299 ma to 251 ma. this means that the permian period lasted years.
a rock inclusion in a basalt lava flow is dated at 56 ma. this means the lava flow must have occurred 56 ma.
you are trying to assign a date to a layer of tephra. while examining the tephra, you notice that it contains several shale inclusions. if you determine that the dates of the shale inclusions range from 910 ka to 1.3 ma. what can you say about the age of the tephra layer?

Uniformitarianism

fossils

radioactive decay

48 million

after

The youngest age of the shale is 910 ka. According to the principle of inclusions, the shale formed before the tephra, so the tephra must be younger than 910 ka.

it is very hard for the climatologists to precisely predict how will the global temperatures be changing so there's lots of models, some of which differ significantly, this is due to multiple factors, and probably the most important is the human activity.

humans have been a key factor in climate change around the globe since the start of the industrial revolution, and in the past few decades the consequences are becoming more obvious. there's lots of emission of pollutants in the atmosphere as well as changing the environment on the surface itself, so it's really hard to predict how will that go in the future because there's some countries that are reducing the damage and are going towards green energy, while others are stubbornly continuing with pollution and damages to the environment.