The major factor hindering environmental efforts in eastern europe is chernobyl communism economic uncertainty foreign investment

The major factor hindering environmental efforts in Eastern Europe is ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY.
Easter Europe places great emphasis on industrialization and intensive agriculture and this have negative effects on the natural environment. Production of nuclear energy is especially a great threat to the environment. There is lack of administrative control when it comes to the protection of the environment. Thus, the natural environment suffers as a result of economic development. 

What exactly do you mean 

This would be an open primary. a closed primary people can vote only prior to election day if the party if they are registered. independent voters can not participate. there is not a wide-open primary, but there is a semi-open primary.