How are the sentence patterns for asking questions different from the sentence patterns for making statements?

a. questions are typically much shorter than statements.

b. questions usually start with a verb or adverb.

c. questions don't use pronouns or adjectives.

d. questions always include a direct and indirect object.

The answer is B.  Most question typically begin with a helping verb, however if the aim of the question is the get a description of a verb, an adjective, or another a verb then it is more suitable to begin the question with an adverb.  Questions which begin with helping verbs usually require a 'Yes' or 'No' answer, while questions which begin with an adverb require details.  Examples of some of the the adverbs which may begin a question are, How, When, Where, Why, etc..

Maybe littering, cutting down trees and pollution