What is the tense of the capitalized verb in the sentence?

the store owner, mr. jenkins, who is a generous man, (donated) a large sum of money to a local charity.

a.
present

b.
future

c.
past

d.
present perfect

The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her." in this sentence, the term "usurpations" carries the connotation a) indicative of intense debate. b) suggestive of violent injustice. c) suggestive of articulate slander. d) indicative of controlling retribution.