Analyzing and adapting to your audience as you speak question 2 options: a) is necessary as part of the complete audience-centered speaker. b) is difficult and should not be attempted by novice speakers. c) is necessary when feedback from your audience is verbal d) is not necessary as part of the formal speaking situation.

needs an explanation

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).