Read the following excerpt from e. o. wilson’s “the environmental ethic.” it is also easy to overlook the services that ecosystems provide humanity. they enrich the soil and create the very air we breathe. without these amenities, the remaining tenure of the human race would be nasty and brief. the life-sustaining matrix is built of green plants with legions of microorganisms and mostly small, obscure animals—in other words, weeds and bugs. such organisms support the world with efficiency because they are so diverse, allowing them to divide labor and swarm over every square meter of the earth’s surface. they run the world precisely as we would wish it to be run, because humanity evolved within living communities and our bodily functions are finely adjusted to the idiosyncratic environment already created. the author tries to persuade the reader to agree with his claim about the importance of ecosystems by providing facts. presenting statistics. restating his claim. using deductive reasoning.

The author tries to persuade the reader to agree with his claim about the importance of ecosystems by providing facts.  

We can see a lot of facts examples through the reading, nature realities that science has proved many times for several years, so the author is trying to convince the reader by the use of undeniable truths.

The other techniques are incorrect because statistics are based in numbers coming out from research, and the author is not using that approach, he isn't either restating his claim since he never presents it in a different way to be more compelling, and he is not trying to make people get to a logical conclusion or result which is the objective of deductive reasoning.

given the fact that the question is about the detail that best support the idea that oppressive leaders use   propaganda to achieve thir goals,   the first option does not refer to any kind of propaganda, since it only tells about that the milk and the windfall apple should be reserved for the pigs. in the second option, that is, "snowball and napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on the neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the rebellion, and teach them the tune of "beasts of england". it can be identified that the oppressors make use of the propaganda, which is represented by the pigeons, and the information they have to tell other animals about what was happening in the farm in order to get their objectives. for that reason, the right answer is the second option, taking into account that the third option do not refer to propaganda since it only talks about that they did not want jones back. and, finally, the last option refers to the result of the given news, but it does not mean about the propaganda they used to achieve their goals.

the positive connotations of the words "pretty," "quiet," and "silence" give the excerpt a tone of nervousness. i think its this