If you're not told otherwise who is your audience when you're writing.

im not entirely sure what you're asking.

the symbol of the grandfather's heritage in this excerpt from "the medicine bag,” is the beaded bolo tie.

a bolo tie is a cord fastened around the neck with an ornamental clasp which is worn as a necktie. they have been used by native american tribes such as hopi, navajo, zuni, and puebloans since the mid-20th century.

therefore, the fact that the grandfather is wearing a bolo tie refers to his heritage as native american.

a. to introduce the audience to important characters .

b. to inform the audience where the story takes place .

e. to lay out specific details about different plot points.