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When the person clearly states his opinion and provides specific examples - Most likely to persuade.  

The person is older than the reader - Somewhat likely to persuade.  

When the person shouts, uses lots of exclamation points, or accuses anyone who doesn't agree of being ignorant - Not likely to persuade.

Explanation:

The above are correct. I have been able to match the element of argument with the likelihood that it will persuade a reader.

When opinions are clearly stated and communicated and backed up with specific examples, it is most likely to persuade. The specific examples provided reinforces and solidifies the person's opinion. The older person can persuade if the younger reader knows of the person's expertise and experience.

Using shouting and accusation will not lead to any form of persuasion.  

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).