The first challenge faced by many explorers was money. They needed financial backing to fund the ships, cargo, and crew required to make such a long journey. The solution was royalty, and explorers would approach kings and queens to convince them to invest in their voyages. If the king and queen agreed, then the explorer would have the money needed to fund an expedition. In return, any lands discovered during the voyage were claimed by that country. The next step was to obtain a seaworthy ship. Many ships were built during the age of exploration, but not all could handle a trip across the Atlantic Ocean. New ship designs were meant to suit long voyages. One such type was called a caravel, which was a small ship created for exploration in the 1400s. This type of ship was equipped with cargo space for voyages up to one year. Caravels were also considered seaworthy because they could travel about 90–100 miles per day.

Why were ships of the time seen as suitable vessels for long voyages?

A Caravels could not handle the long journey across the ocean, so they built new ships.
B Kings and queens did not want to remain at sea for longer than one year.
C The ships of the wealthy were comfortable, and people could be happy on them for a year.
D They were equipped with enough cargo space to carry supplies for an entire year.

Once you have finished revising your peer’s essay, continue to demonstrate your understanding of grammar and punctuation by writing an essay containing all of the grammatical concepts outlined above. your essay should be short, just 250 words, and it can be written on any subject. it should contain an example of parallel structure, an example of every type of phrase and clause outlined in this lesson, an example of two independent clauses connected by a semicolon, and an example of a colon. if you are struggling to come up with an idea for an essay, consider writing it about the themes present in one of the texts you have read already.

Read the passage from animal farm. as clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. if she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. these scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old major first stirred them to rebellion. if she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of major's speech. instead—she did not know why—they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. there was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. she knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of napoleon. but still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. it was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of jones's gun. such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. what was most likely orwell’s purpose for writing this passage? to show that clover is more sensitive to violence than the others to remind readers of major's speech and the original rebellion to present napoleon as a cruel leader unworthy of the animals’ support to represent misled followers and their dashed hopes for better lives

Drag the tiles to the boxes to form correct pairs. match each excerpt to the type of characterization it uses.