Read the first chapter of the communist manifesto. how do karl marx and friedrich engels define the bourgeoisie? how do they criticize it? in what ways is their treatment of the bourgeoisie similar to tolstoy’s in his novella the death of ivan ilyich? to complete this task, you will need to make inferences from what you read, drawing reasonable conclusions or noting assumptions of the author, even when everything is not stated explicitly. to support your response, provide textual evidence from the first chapter of the communist manifesto and the first four chapters of the death of ivan ilyich.

According to Marx and Engels’s The Communist Manifesto, the bourgeoisie is the wealthy middle class of the modern industrial society. This class is characterized by their wealth and their ownership of the means of production. Their primary interest is gaining wealth so that they can enjoy a higher social status. Initially, entrepreneurs, merchants, and bankers made up the bourgeoisie. Later, tradesmen and white-collar workers became part of this class.

In their writing, Marx and Engels claim that the bourgeoisie changed all occupations into wage-earning opportunities. This class hasn’t even spared what were considered honorable occupations, such as being a doctor. According to The Communist Manifesto, the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the working class is based on self-interest. The bourgeoisie obsession with money has also seeped into family and other personal relationships, where people value money over their relations. For the bourgeoisie, relationships are meaningless and there is no room for sentimentality.

Leo Tolstoy’s protagonist, Ivan Ilyich, seems to echo this characterization. Ilyich is a member of the Court of Justice and behaves as a typical member of the bourgeoisie. In the first chapter of the novella, Ivan Ilyich’s so-called friends and colleagues hear about his death. Yet their first thoughts are about how his death would benefit them. This reaction clearly shows how relations between people in that class are based on self-interest. Even Ivan Ilyich’s “grieving” widow, Praskovya Fedorovna, is primarily concerned with the money that she can get from the government due to her husband’s death. Leo Tolstoy also portrays the bourgeoisie as being pretentious. For example, Peter Ivanovich expresses fake sympathy and compassion toward Praskovya Fedorovna at Ivan Ilyich’s funeral. At the same time, she herself fakes being sad. While he was alive, Ivan Ilyich himself put on a show about caring for and loving his family. In reality, all he wanted was to be away from them. He married Praskovya Fedorovna not because he loved her but because it was the right thing to do according to society. Bourgeois characters in Tolstoy’s novella give more importance to keeping up social appearances rather than to maintaining strong, healthy relationships with their family and friends.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)