Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows.

[1] being a good reader is somewhat like driving a car; both reader and driver must learn to shift gears skillfully. [2] just as road conditions that require slow, careful driving call for first gear, a difficult text requires slow, thoughtful reading to be understood and remembered. [3] similarly, the driver can shift to second gear if he wants to go slightly faster. [4] second gear is useful to a reader of textual material which is not difficult but which must be remembered. on the open road a driver shifts to third. [5] third gear in reading is used for pleasure reading of magazines or novels. [6] both reader and driver sometimes use passing gear. [7] this gear is particularly useful to a reader who wants to skim a chapter as a review for a test or to preview an article to determine whether he wishes to read it. [8] just as driving in first gear at all times is inappropriate and inefficient, reading speeds must be shifted to suit conditions.
what is the topic sentence? 1 ,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or none

The arctic national wildlife refuge is home to caribou, moose, musk oxen, wolves, foxes, grizzlies, polar bears and migratory birds. leaders in the oil industry believe the refuge is the perfect site for the “environmentally sensitive exploration” of oil. environmentalists are wondering: what will become of the wildlife? president george w. bush, oil-industry leaders and others believe that americans will benefit from the oil that lies under the snow-filled surface of the refuge. in their opinion, the oil will reduce high fuel prices and decrease our need for oil from other countries. i believe the cost of such drilling is too high. i agree with environmentalists who fear that drilling will disturb the migration of more than 130,000 caribou. each spring, the caribou travel 400 miles to give birth on the coastal plain. in this area of the refuge, there are fewer predators. in addition, experts say that the oil in the area adds up to less than a six-month supply. is such a small amount of oil worth the risk drilling poses to these animals? americans are the largest consumers of oil. instead of drilling for oil, we should decrease our need for foreign oil simply by using less. we must all work together to cut back on the oil we use in order to preserve the wildlife of the arctic national wildlife refuge. what type of argument is used in this paragraph? i believe the cost of such drilling is too high. i agree with environmentalists who fear that drilling will disturb the migration of more than 130,000 caribou. each spring, the caribou travel 400 miles to give birth on the coastal plain. in this area of the refuge, there are fewer predators. in addition, experts say that the oil in the area adds up to less than a six-month supply. is such a small amount of oil worth the risk drilling poses to these animals? a. appeal to emotion c. appeal to logic b. bandwagon d. none of the above select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d