Which verb form is used to indicate present perfect tense?
verb or verb + -s
will + verb
have + verb + -ed
have + verb + -ing

i think its have +verb+ -ed. hope this helps!

The correct answer is have + verb + -ed.

This tense refers to an action that occurs in the past but still has not finished, therefore it continues to the present time e. g. She has lived here all her life. This tense is not specific about the time when happened.

the purpose of the heading in the passage is to identify who is telling the story.

this excerpt is part of the book sugar changed the world (2010) written by marc aronson and marina budhos. as the book has been written by two people, the heading "marc" indicates that this specific excerpt is being narrated by aronson. in the fragment, marc describes his grandfather's story after hearing it from his cousin. however, there are other excerpts where budhos is the one that tells the story of her family.

aronson and budhos, who are husband and wife in real life, decided to write sugar changed the world when they found out how sugar, which had an important role in slavery and economy, changed their ancestors' lives.

the answer is a)   a sentence of death costs the state "almost three times as much as a sentence of life in prison" (delon 147)