The words or phrases authors use to reveal character traits are called

1. Saying someone caused a certain event or behavior.
2. Using your body in ways such as nodding your head, crossing your arms, or slouching to communicate.
3. When one person or a group of people tries to hurt or tease others over and over through their words or actions.
4.A witness to a situation. Bystanders can play a positive, negative, or neutral role depending how they choose to act. 

What’s the excerpt?