Animals with warning colors move slowly and expose themselves. The sluggishness and exposure help to advertise their defense. Along with the color and behavior often goes a foul smell of their chemical weapons. The grasshopper Aularches miliaris is a very good example of this. It was yellow spots. If it is disturbed it releases a toxic foam, hoping animals will learn to associate the foam with the spots, and not to attack it again. Likewise, noxious caterpillars often have thick, leathery cuticles which help them to resist young birds making a 'test'. When the bird takes a peck, disgusting fluid seeps out from special glands on its back. The caterpillar (or other larva) will often survive such an attack, and the young bird has learnt a lesson it will never forget. All in all, the predator is given good warning. 4Some individual animals may die, or be injured, perhaps permanently, as birds or mammals on the attack learn the connection between color and taste. However, once the connection is made, the species doesn’t have to hide again. This contrasts with animals using camouflage, who continuously need to hide. So warning is potentially more effective than hiding. The advertising traits such as colors may also serve other functions as well. The patterns may help mate identification within the species, for instance. More research needs to be done to determine the exact purpose of colors. What is a central idea developed in paragraph.