A. (1)The population of Europe as a whole, estimated roughly at 205 million by 1800, had risen to 274 million by 1850, and to 320 million by 1870. (2)Various reasons for the rapid population growth in Europe have been suggested.
(3)Several explanations support the notion of improved health. (4)One contributing factor to this continued growth may
have been a decline in the virulence of certain fatal diseases as a result of the cyclical potency of microbes. (5)Certainly
the curbing of cholera, through the adoption of sanitary reforms, and smallpox, as Edward Jenner's technique of
vaccination gained gradual acceptance after 1796, help to explain the population trend. (6)Also, the availability of less
expensive foods of high nutritional value-most notably the potato -- and the ability to transport foodstuffs cheaply by
rail meant European populations would not suffer as much from undernourishment as in the past. (7)The population
increase was probably also the result of rising birth rates caused by earlier marriages. (8)As serfdom declined, peasants
tended to set up households at a younger age. (9)The spread of cottage industries provided an alternate income source,
allowing more rural couples to marry and set up houserfolds even without the inheritance of land.
A3. How many major details are in this passage?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. Five

Samuel johnson believed that literature should appeal mainly to the scholar, to him the common man, to teach him the common man, to teach and him the king and the parliament

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Excerpt from 100% - the story of a patriot upton sinclair 10 so peter walked along, with his belt drawn tight, and his restless blue eyes wandering here and there, looking for a place to get a meal. there were jobs to be had, but they were hard jobs, and peter wanted an easy one. there are people in this world who live by their muscles, and others who live by their wits; peter belonged to the latter class; and had missed many a meal rather than descend in the social scale. 11 peter looked into the faces of everyone he passed, searching for a possible opening. some returned his glance, but never for more than a second, for they saw an insignificant looking man, undersized, undernourished, and with one shoulder higher than the other, a weak chin and mouth, crooked teeth, and a brown moustache too feeble to hold itself up at the corners. peters' straw hat had many straws missing, his second-hand brown suit was become third-hand, and his shoes were turning over at the sides. in a city where everybody was "hustling," everybody, as they phrased it, "on the make," why should anyone take a second glance at peter gudge? why should anyone care about the restless soul hidden inside him, or dream that peter was, in his own obscure way, a sort of genius? no one did care; no one did dream. 12 it was about two o'clock of an afternoon in july, and the sun beat down upon the streets of american city. there were crowds upon the streets, and peter noticed that everywhere were flags and bunting. once or twice he heard the strains of distant music, and wondered what was "up." peter had not been reading the newspapers; all his attention bad been taken up by the quarrels of the smithers faction and the lunk faction in the first apostolic church, otherwise known as the holy rollers, and great events that had been happening in the world outside were of no concern to him. peter knew vaguely that on the other side of the world half a dozen mighty nations were locked together in a grip of death; the whole earth was shaken with their struggles, and peter had felt a bit of the trembling now and then. but peter did not know that his own country had anything to do with this european quarrel, and did not know that certain great interests throughout the country had set themselves to rouse the public to action. based on the author's characterization of peter in paragraphs 10, 11, and 12, which word best describes him? a) industrious b) loyal c) patriotic d) poor