Why did alagu's heart sink when jumman was appointed sarpanch?

When grendel speaks of unferth and says "i could crush him like a fly" what literary device is being used

Based on how the stage directions are used in this excerpt from act 1 scene 1 of richard iii what was likely the main purpose of providing stage directions in drama

The greatest gift the sumerians gave the world was the invention of writing. the sumerians were wealthy people. they needed some way to keep track of what they owned. they began drawing pictures. they used a reed as a pen. they drew on soft pieces of clay. the soft clay was then dried in the sun. the tablet became a permanent record. later, the sumerian drawings changed into wedge-shaped symbols. this kind of writing is called cuneiform. by putting symbols together, the sumerians could write entire sentences.