Read this paragraph from chapter 5 of The Prince. But when cities or countries are accustomed to live under a prince, and his family is exterminated, they, being on the one hand accustomed to obey and on the other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in making one from amongst themselves, and they do not know how to govern themselves. For this reason they are very slow to take up arms, and a prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily. But in republics there is more vitality, greater hatred, and more desire for vengeance, which will never permit them to allow the memory of their former liberty to rest; so that the safest way is to destroy them or to reside there.

Which option best states the main idea of the passage?

Former republics are more difficult to rule than hereditary states, and they will rebel if they are not tightly controlled.
The strategies for controlling hereditary states and former republics are the same.
Hereditary states come with a history that must be deeply understood if a new prince is to control them easily.
Hereditary states never forget their former loyalties, so they are hard to control.

we need to see the statements.

the switch in narration increases the proximity of the narrator to the main character and the reader can perceive information only through the filter of a single character.

explanation:

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agamemnon was the leader of the greek troops in the trojan wars and orestes was his son. when agamemnon returned from the war, he was murdered by his wife's lover in conjunction with his wife. orestes could not stop them but he seeked vengeance for his father. after a long time, he found them and avenged his father while killing them. he killed his mother, but greek mythology claims that his act was just and he was spared the remorse and the guilt. there are a lot of similarities with the ulysses/telemachus father son pair. ulysses was also one of the leaders of the excursion to troy. he still has not returned home, but in a sense the suitors of penelope are marring his estate and his reputation. while penelope is faithful to ulysses, the suitors by taking hold of the palace and committing their shameful acts are dishonoring ulysses. in the same context, telemachus is asked just like orestes to restitution his father's honor, regardless of whether he is alive or dead. athena is him and encouraging him with this example and he himself feels the need to save his father