What is the old man’s hope for Scotland after Macbeth’s coronation? How is this ironic?

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.

falling action

explanation:

biographical remarks present the shifting perception and re-interpretation of figures projected by the authors, or by the society represented by the authors. the portrayals in biographical accounts thus reflect the turning view-of-value in course of history. this paper particularly explores the ways in which “heretical” figures are represented in their biographical accounts, focusing on arabic zindīq poets who flourished in the 2nd century a.h. and are known for their extreme or heretic behavior. it will be discussed that the marks of their heretical deeds are presented in different ways, and the actuality of their activity, such as the association with the early theological thinkers (or mutakallimūn in arabic), is occasionally replaced by more narrativized and unrealistic anecdotes in later sources, the tales being reproduced to underscore the value of poets such as humor or quick-wittedness. the anecdotes also can highlight the qualities of their opponents who appear as their refuters. the chronological tracing of their biographical information from multiple sources reveals the fluctuating value of discourses of “heresy,” mirroring the turning religious reality and the imagined quality of the figures lived in the early period. the paper eventually aims to historically contextualize the functions of “speaking-about-heretics” as a subject of narratives, which works as a tool for writers to express manifold contemporar