Read this excerpt from Fever 1793.

Mr. Carris blew his nose loudly. "The president retires to Virginia for a respite every September. He is not a man to change his habits. Even if he called the Congress back, few would dare return. I tell you, William, men who stood unafraid before British cannon run in fear from this foul pestilence. I fear for Philadelphia. I fear for the people, I fear for myself."

Which statement best describes the characterization in this excerpt?

Indirect characterization reveals that Mr. Carris is ill.
Direct characterization reveals that Mr. Carris is frightened.
Indirect characterization reveals that William is confused.
Direct characterization reveals that William is unafraid.