PART A: Which of the following states one of the central ideas of the passage

comfortable

explanation:

one type of the adjectives is predicate adjective. a predicate adjective is an adjective which follows a linking verb and modifies or refers back to the main subject of that linking verb.

it usually is used just before the noun it modies.

here in this example:

'penguins seem comfortable in the coolest habitats', comfortable is the predicate adjective which follows the linking verb 'seem' and modifies the noun.

what is the question ?

the answer is a (apex)