Paraphrase the excerpts below, including APA in-text citations (ie., introduce information with a
signal phrase, parenthetical citation, or both).

1. "Interestingly, despite the high number of adolescents who reported trying e-cigarettes
first, we found that adolescents who initiated tobacco use via e-cigarettes (relative to
cigarettes) had lower odds of current multiple tobacco product use and lower odds of
frequently using at least one tobacco product" (Kowitt et al., 2019, p. 11).

2. "It is unlikely, though not impossible, that vaping non-nicotine liquids can lead to
subsequent smoking in some people. Vaping may also increase the risk of smoking for
some adolescents and decrease it for others, so that the net effect on population cigarette
smoking is trivial. Even if there was a gateway effect, it may explain only a small part of
smoking, compared to common vulnerabilities" (Etter, 2017, p. 113).