In what way is language constructed by rules?

In this excerpt from "dover beach" by matthew arnold, which two lines or sets of lines suggest that the speaker has undergone a loss of faith? the sea of faith was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. but now i only hear its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, retreating, to the breath of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear and naked shingles of the world. ah, love, let us be true to one another! for the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new, hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor for pain; and we are here as on a darkling plain swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, where ignorant armies clash by night.

What is the definition of scathing? a. to assail with abusive language c. to deter by advice or persuasion b. bitterly severe, as a remark d. the west wind; a mild wind

Which fact from the tinker vs des moines court decision best supports the reasoning that the conduct of the student protesters was protected by the fourteenth amendment, which prohibits deprivation of life liberty, or property? apex